What Is Thermal Systems
Engineering?  1
1.1 Getting Started 1
1.2 Thermal System Case Studies 3
1.3 Analysis of Thermal Systems 7
1.4 How to Use This Book Effectively 9
Problems 11
Getting Started in
Thermodynamics: Introductory
Concepts and Definitions  14
2.1 Defining Systems 14
2.2 Describing Systems and Their Behavior 16
2.3 Units and Dimensions 19
2.4 Two Measurable Properties: Specific Volume
and Pressure 21
2.5 Measuring Temperature 23
2.6 Methodology for Solving Problems 26
2.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 27
Problems 28
Using Energy and the First Law
of Thermodynamics 31
3.1  Reviewing Mechanical Concepts of Energy 31
3.2 Broadening Our Understanding of Work 33
3.3 Modeling Expansion or Compression Work 36
3.4 Broadening Our Understanding of Energy 40
3.5 Energy Transfer by Heat 41
3.6 Energy Accounting: Energy Balance for Closed
Systems 43
3.7 Energy Analysis of Cycles 51
3.8 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 54
Problems 55
Evaluating Properties  59
4.1  Fixing the State 59
Evaluating Properties: General
Considerations 60
4.2 p-v-TRelation 60
4.3 Retrieving Thermodynamics Properties 64
4.4 p-v-TRelations for Gases 79
Evaluating Properties Using the Ideal
Gas Model 81
4.5 Ideal Gas Model 81
4.6 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of
Ideal Gases 83
4.7 Evaluating uand hof Ideal Gases 85
4.8 Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas 89
4.9 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 91
Problems 91
Control Volume Analysis Using
Energy  96
5.1 Conservation of Mass for a Control Volume 96
5.2 Conservation of Energy for a Control
Volume 99
5.3 Analyzing Control Volumes at Steady State 102
5.4 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 117
Problems 118
The Second Law of
Thermodynamics  123
6.1 Introducing the Second Law 123
6.2 Identifying Irreversibilities 126
6.3 Applying the Second Law to Thermodynamic
Cycles 128
6.4 Maximum Performance Measures for Cycles
Operating between Two Reservoirs 131
vi Contents
6.5 Carnot Cycle 136
6.6 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 137
Problems 137
Using Entropy  141
7.10 Introducing Entropy 141
7.20 Retrieving Entropy Data 143
7.30 Entropy Change in Internally Reversible
Processes 149
7.40 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems 151
7.50 Entropy Rate Balance for Control
Volumes 157
7.60 Isentropic Processes 162
7.70 Isentropic Efficiencies of Turbines, Nozzles,
Compressors, and Pumps 166
7.80 Heat Transfer and Work in Internally Reversible,
Steady-State Flow Processes 171
7.90 Accounting for Mechanical Energy 174
7.10 Accounting for Internal Energy 176
7.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 177
Problems 178
Vapor Power and Refrigeration
Systems  185
Vapor Power Systems 185
8.10 Modeling Vapor Power Systems 185
8.20 Analyzing Vapor Power Systems—Rankine
Cycle 187
8.30 Improving Performance—Superheat
and Reheat 198
8.40 Improving Performance—Regenerative Vapor
Power Cycle 202
Vapor Refrigeration and Heat Pump
Systems 206
8.50 Vapor Refrigeration Systems 207
8.60 Analyzing Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
Systems 209
8.70 Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Systems 217
8.80 Working Fluids for Vapor Power and Refrigeration
Systems 218
8.90 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 218
Problems 219
Gas Power Systems  223
Internal Combustion Engines 223
9.1 Engine Terminology 223
9.2 Air-Standard Otto Cycle 225
9.3 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle 230
Gas Turbine Power Plants 234
9.4 Modeling Gas Turbine Power Plants 234
9.5 Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 235
9.6 Regenerative Gas Turbines 243
9.7 Gas Turbines for Aircraft Propulsion
(CD-ROM) 247
9.8 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 247
Problems 247
Psychrometric Applications
(CD-ROM)  250
All material in Chapter 10 is available on the CD-ROM only.
10.1 Introducing Psychrometric Principles
10.2 Evaluating the Dew Point Temperature
10.3 Psychrometers: Measuring the Wet-Bulb and
Dry-Bulb Temperatures
10.4 Psychrometric Charts
10.5 Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes
10.6 Cooling Towers
10.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide
Problems
FLUIDS
Getting Started in Fluid
Mechanics: Fluid Statics  251
11.1 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest 251
11.2 Measurement of Pressure 255
11.3 Manometry 256
11.4 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure and
Measuring Devices 259
11.5 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 260
11.6 Buoyancy 264
11.7 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 265
Problems 265
Contents vii
The Momentum and Mechanical
Energy Equations  269
12.1 Fluid Flow Preliminaries 269
12.2 Momentum Equation 272
12.3 Applying the Momentum Equation 273
12.40 The Bernoulli Equation 278
12.50 Further Examples of Use of the Bernoulli
Equation 280
12.60 The Mechanical Energy Equation 282
12.70 Applying the Mechanical Energy Equation 283
12.80 Compressible Flow (CD-ROM) 286
12.90 One-dimensional Steady Flow in Nozzles and
Diffusers (CD-ROM) 286
12.10 Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers of Ideal
Gases with Constant Specific Heats
(CD-ROM) 286
12.11 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 287
Problems 287
Similitude, Dimensional
Analysis, and Modeling  293
13.10 Dimensional Analysis 293
13.20 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and
Dimensional Analysis 294
13.30 Buckingham Pi Theorem and Pi Terms 297
13.40 Method of Repeating Variables 298
13.50 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid
Mechanics 301
13.60 Correlation of Experimental Data 302
13.70 Modeling and Similitude 304
13.80 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 308
Problems 309
Internal and External Flow
313
Internal Flow 313
14.10 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow 314
14.20 Fully Developed Laminar Flow 315
14.30 Laminar Pipe Flow Characteristics
(CD-ROM) 316
14.40 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow 316
14.50 Pipe Flow Head Loss 317
14.60 Pipe Flow Examples 322
14.70 Pipe Volumetric Flow Rate Measurement
(CD-ROM) 325
External Flow 325
14.80 Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 326
14.90 General External Flow Characteristics 330
14.10 Drag Coefficient Data 332
14.11 Lift 335
14.12 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 337
Problems 338
HEAT TRANSFER
Getting Started in Heat
Transfer: Modes, Rate Equations
and Energy Balances  342
15.10 Heat Transfer Modes: Physical Origins and Rate
Equations 342
15.20 Applying the First Law in Heat Transfer 348
15.30 The Surface Energy Balance 351
15.40 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 355
Problems 356
Heat Transfer by
Conduction  359
16.10 Introduction to Conduction Analysis 359
16.20 Steady-State Conduction 362
16.30 Conduction with Energy Generation 373
16.40 Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces:
Fins 377
16.50 Transient Conduction 385
16.60 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 395
Problems 397
Heat Transfer by
Convection  405
17.10 The Problem of Convection 405
Forced Convection 412
17.20 External Flow 412
17.30 Internal Flow 423
viii Contents
Free Convection 438
17.40 Free Convection 438
Convection Application:
Heat Exchangers 446
17.50 Heat Exchangers 446
17.60 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 456
Problems 458
Heat Transfer by
Radiation  468
18.1 Fundamental Concepts 468
18.2 Radiation Quantities and Processes 470
18.3 Blackbody Radiation 473
Spectrally Selective Surfaces 479
18.4 Radiation Properties of Real Surfaces 479
Radiative Exchange Between Surfaces in
Enclosures 489
18.5 The View Factor 489
18.6 Blackbody Radiation Exchange 492
18.7 Radiation Exchange between Diffuse-Gray
Surfaces in an Enclosure 495
18.8 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 502
Problems 503
Appendices  511
Index to Property Tables
and Figures  511
Index  55

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